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Porter City Ordinances
PART 7: TRAFFIC CODE
Chapter
70.
TRAFFIC REGULATIONS
71.
PARKING REGULATIONS
72.
SNOWMOBILES
Chapter 70: Traffic Regulations
Section
General Provisions
70.01 State
highway traffic regulations adopted by reference
70.02 Trucks
prohibited on certain streets
70.03 Stop
intersections
70.04 Through
streets and one-way streets
70.05 Turning
restrictions
70.06 U-turns
restricted
70.07 Excessive
noise
70.08
Exhibition driving prohibited
70.09 Cruising
prohibited
Parades
70.20
Definitions
70.21 Permit
required
70.22
Application for permit
70.23 Standards
for issuance of permit
70.24 Notice of
rejection of permit application
70.25 Appeal
procedure when permit denied
70.26
Alternative permit
70.27 Notice to
city and other officials when permit issued
70.28
Contents of permit
70.29 Duties of
permittee
70.30 Public
conduct during parades
70.31
Revocation of permit
GENERAL PROVISIONS
§ 70.01 STATE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC
REGULATIONS ADOPTED BY REFERENCE.
(A)
The Highway Traffic Regulations Act is hereby adopted by reference.
The regulatory
provisions of M.S.
Chapter 169, as it may be amended from time to time, are hereby adopted as a
traffic ordinance regulating the use of highways, streets and alleys within
the city and are hereby incorporated in and made a part of this section as
completely as if set out in full herein.
(B)
The penalty for violation of the provisions of state statutes adopted by
reference in this section shall be identical with the penalty provided for
in the statues for the same offense.
§ 70.02 TRUCKS PROHIBITED ON
CERTAIN STREETS.
(A)
The City Council by resolution may designate streets on which travel by
commercial vehicles in excess of 10,000 pounds axle weight is prohibited.
The City Council shall cause appropriate signs to be erected on those
streets. No person shall operate
a commercial vehicle on posted streets in violation of the restrictions
posted.
(B)
The weight restrictions established in Division (A) shall not apply to city
or emergency vehicles, public school buses or to garbage and refuse trucks
making regular collections and are under contract with the city, nor shall
the weight restrictions in Division (A) apply if a commercial vehicle must
use the particular street in question for the purpose of local pick-up or
delivery.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.03 STOP INTERSECTIONS.
The city may designate intersections as a stop intersection and require all
vehicles to stop at one or more entrances to those intersections.
The city shall post signs at those designated intersections, giving
notice of the designation as a stop intersection.
It shall be unlawful for any person to fail to obey the markings or
signs posted under this section.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.04 THROUGH STREETS AND
ONE-WAY STREETS.
The City Council by resolution may designate any street or portion of a
street as a through street or one-way street where necessary to preserve the
free flow of traffic or to prevent accidents.
No trunk highway shall be so designated unless the consent of the
Commissioner of Transportation to the designation is first secured.
The city shall cause appropriate signs to be posted at the entrance
to designated streets. It shall
be unlawful for any person to fail to obey the markings or signs posted
under this section.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.05 TURNING RESTRICTIONS.
(A)
The City Council by resolution may, whenever necessary to preserve a free
flow of traffic or to prevent accidents, designate any intersection as one
where turning of vehicles to the left or to the right, or both, is to be
restricted at all times or during specified hours.
No intersection on a trunk highway shall be so designated until the
consent of the Commissioner of Transportation to the designation is first
obtained.
(B)
The city shall mark by appropriate signs any intersection so designated.
(C)
No person shall turn a vehicle at any intersection contrary to the direction
on those signs.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.06 U-TURNS RESTRICTED.
No person shall turn a vehicle so as to reverse its direction on any street
in the business district or at any intersection where traffic is regulated
by a traffic control signal.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.07 EXCESSIVE NOISE.
(A)
As used in this section, LIGHT-MOTOR VEHICLES means any
automobile, van, motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, motorscooter, go cart,
minibike, trail bike, or truck with a gross vehicular weight of less than
10,000 pounds.
(B)
It shall be unlawful for any person to operate, or cause to operate, or use
a light-motor vehicle in a manner as to cause, or allow to be caused,
excessive noise levels as a result of unreasonable rapid accelerations,
deceleration, revving of engine, squealing of tires, honking of horns, or as
a result of the operation of audio devices including but not limited to
radios, phonograph, tape players, compact disc players or any other
sound-amplifying device on or from the light-motor vehicle.
(C)
No person shall operate, or cause to operate, or use a light-motor vehicle
in violation of the noise standards contained in Minn. Rules parts 7030.1050
and 7030.1060, as it may be amended from time to time.
(D)
No person shall operate, or cause to operate, or use a light-motor vehicle
that discharges its exhaust other than through a muffler or other device
that effectively prevents loud or explosive noises.
No person shall operate, or cause to operate, or use a light-motor
vehicle whose exhaust system has been modified, altered, or repaired in any
way, including the use of a muffler cut-out or by-pass, that amplifies or
otherwise increases noise above that emitted by the light-motor vehicle as
originally equipped.
(E)
The following are exempted from the provisions of this section:
(1)
Sound emitted from sirens of authorized emergency vehicles;
(2)
Burglar alarms on light-motor vehicles of the electronic signaling
type which also transmit an audible signal to a receiver which can be
carried by the owner or operator of the vehicle; and
(3)
Celebrations on Halloween and other legal holidays and celebrations
in connection with duly authorized parades.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.08 EXHIBITION DRIVING
PROHIBITED.
No person shall turn, accelerate, decelerate or otherwise operate a motor
vehicle within the city in a manner which causes unnecessary engine noise or
backfire, squealing tires, skidding, sliding, swaying, throwing of sand or
gravel, or in a manner simulating a race.
Unreasonable squealing or screeching sounds emitted by tires or the
unreasonable throwing of sand or gravel by the tires is prima facie evidence
of a violation of this section.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.09 CRUISING PROHIBITED.
(A)
As used in this section, CRUISING means the operation of a
motor vehicle as defined in M.S. § 169.01, Subd. 3, as it may be amended
from time to time, past a traffic control point as determined by a peace
officer on a street in an area designated “No Cruising Zone” by City Council
resolution four or more times between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 3:30 a.m.
(B)
The passing of a traffic control point under the conditions previously
stated, shall constitute unnecessary repetitive driving and is a violation
of this section.
(C)
The following use of vehicles shall constitute valid exceptions to this
prohibition: taxicabs for hire, buses, authorized emergency vehicle,
vehicles used by or under contract with any governmental jurisdiction, any
vehicle being used to conduct legitimate business activities.
(D)
This section may be enforced only in an area that has been posted as a “No
Cruising Zone.” Signs shall be
posted at the beginning and the end of any public street, alley or highway,
or portion thereof which is a no cruising zone.
PARADES
§ 70.20 DEFINITIONS.
For the purpose of this subchapter the following definitions shall apply
unless the context clearly indicates or requires a different meaning.
PARADE.
Any parade, march, ceremony, show, exhibition, pageant, or procession
of any kind, or any similar display in or on any street, sidewalk, park, or
other public place in the city.
PARADE PERMIT.
A permit required by this subchapter.
PARKING LOT.
Any paved or unpaved area used by a place of business or shopping
center for the parking of vehicles of their customers, but shall not include
those operated for hire.
§ 70.21 PERMIT REQUIRED.
(A)
No person or persons shall engage or participate in, aid, form or start any
parade unless a parade permit has been obtained from the City Clerk or other
authorized city official.
(B)
This subchapter shall not apply to:
(1)
Funeral processions;
(2)
Students going to and from school classes or participating in
educational activities provided that the conduct is under the immediate
direction and supervision of the proper school authorities;
(3)
A governmental agency acting within the scope of its functions.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.22 APPLICATION FOR PERMIT.
(A)
Generally. A person
seeking issuance of a parade permit shall file an application with the City
Clerk.
(B)
Filing period. The
application for a parade permit shall be filed not less than 72 hours but
not more than 60 days before the date on which it is proposed to conduct the
parade. Failure to file an
application 72 hours in advance will not result in automatic denial of the
permit provided that the applicant shows reasonable grounds why the
application could not be filed 72 hours in advance.
(C)
Required information. The
application for a parade permit shall set forth the following information:
(1)
The name, address, and telephone number of the person seeking to
conduct the parade;
(2)
If the parade is proposed to be conducted for, on behalf of, or by an
organization, the name, address, and telephone number of the headquarters of
the organization and of the authorized and responsible heads of the
organization;
(3)
The name, address, and telephone number of the person who will be the
parade chairperson and who will be responsible for its conduct;
(4)
The date when the parade is to be conducted;
(5)
The route to be traveled, the starting point, and the termination
point;
(6)
The approximate number of persons, animals, and vehicles which will
constitute the parade, the type of animals, if any, and the description of
the vehicles;
(7)
The hours when the parade will start and terminate;
(8)
A statement as to whether the parade will occupy all or only a
portion of the width of the streets, sidewalk, park or other public place
proposed to be traversed;
(9)
The location by street of any assembly area for the parade;
(10) The
time at which units of the parade will begin to assemble at any assembly
area or areas;
(11)
The interval of space to be maintained between units of the parade;
(12) If
the parade is designed to be held by, and on behalf of or for, any person
other than the applicant, the applicant for the permit shall file a
communication in writing from the person authorizing the applicant to apply
for the permit on his or her behalf;
(13) Any
additional information reasonably necessary to a fair determination as to
whether a permit should be issued.
(D)
There shall be paid at the time of filing an application for a parade permit
a fee in an amount as established in the Ordinance Establishing Fees and
Charges pursuant to
§ 30.11 of this Code, as it may be amended from time to time.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.23 STANDARDS FOR ISSUANCE
OF PERMIT.
The City Clerk shall issue a permit when, from a consideration of the
application and from other information obtained, he or she finds that:
(A)
The conduct of the parade will not substantially interrupt the safe and
orderly movement of other traffic contiguous to its route;
(B)
The conduct of the parade will not require the diversion of so great a
number of police officers of the city to properly police the line of
movement and the areas contiguous thereto as to prevent normal police
protection to the city;
(C)
The concentration of persons, animals and vehicles at assembly points of the
parade will not unduly interfere with proper fire and police protection of,
or ambulance service to, areas contiguous to the assembly areas;
(D)
The conduct of the parade will not interfere with the movement of
firefighting equipment en route to a fire;
(E)
The parade is scheduled to move from its point of origin to its point of
termination expeditiously and without unreasonable delays en route;
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.24 NOTICE OF REJECTION OF
PERMIT APPLICATION.
If the City Clerk disapproves the application, he or she shall mail to the
applicant within the three regular business days after the date on which the
application was filed a notice of his or her action stating the reasons for
his or her denial of the permit.
§ 70.25 APPEAL PROCEDURE WHEN
PERMIT DENIED.
Any person aggrieved shall have the right to appeal the denial of a parade
permit to the City Council. The
appeal shall be taken within 30 days after notice of denial.
The City Council shall act on the appeal within 30 days after its
receipt.
§ 70.26 ALTERNATIVE PERMIT.
The City Clerk or other authorized city official, in denying an application
for a parade permit, shall be empowered to authorize the conduct of the
parade on a date, at a time, or over a route different than that named by
the applicant. An applicant
desiring to accept an alternate permit shall file a written notice of his or
her acceptance. An alternate
parade permit shall conform to the requirements of, and shall have the
effect of, a parade permit under this subchapter.
§ 70.27 NOTICE TO CITY AND OTHER
OFFICIALS WHEN PERMIT ISSUED.
Immediately on the issuance of a parade permit, a copy thereof shall be sent
to the Police Chief and the Fire Chief.
§ 70.28 CONTENTS OF PERMIT.
Each parade permit shall state the following information:
(A)
Starting time;
(B)
Day(s) permit is valid;
(C)
The portions of the street, sidewalk, park or other public place to be
traversed that may be occupied by the parade;
(D)
Any conditions imposed by the City with the issuance of the permit;
(E)
Other information as is reasonably necessary to the enforcement of this
subchapter.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.29 DUTIES OF PERMITTEE.
A permittee hereunder shall comply with all permit directions and conditions
and with all applicable laws and ordinances.
The parade chairperson or other person heading or leading the
activity shall carry the parade permit on his or her person during the
conduct of the parade.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.30 PUBLIC CONDUCT DURING
PARADES.
(A)
Interference. No person
shall unreasonably hamper, obstruct, impede or interfere with any parade or
parade assembly or with any person, vehicle or animal participating or used
in a parade.
(B)
Driving through parades.
No driver of a vehicle except a police car or other emergency vehicle shall
drive between the vehicles or persons comprising a parade when the vehicles
or persons are in motion and are conspicuously designated as a parade.
(C)
Parking on parade route.
The Police Chief or other authorized city official shall have the authority,
when reasonably necessary, to prohibit or restrict the parking of vehicles
along a street or other public thoroughfare or part thereof constituting a
part of the route of a parade.
Signs shall be posted to the effect, and it shall be unlawful for any person
to park or leave unattended any vehicle in violation thereof.
No person shall be liable for parking on a street or other public
thoroughfare unless signs have been posted in accordance with this section.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 70.31 REVOCATION OF PERMIT.
The city shall have the authority to revoke a parade permit issued hereunder
on application of the standards for issuance as herein set forth.
Chapter 71: Parking Regulations
Section
71.01 No
parking where posted
71.02 Limited
parking
71.03 Other
parking restrictions
71.04
Declaration of snow emergency; parking prohibited
71.05 Parking
certain semi-trailers or tractors on public streets prohibited
71.06 Repairing
of vehicles
71.07
Off-street parking and loading
71.08
Impoundment
71.09 Prima
facie violation
Cross-reference:
Abandoned vehicles,
see Chapter 90
§ 71.01 NO PARKING WHERE POSTED.
No person shall stop, stand or park a vehicle upon the public streets of the
city at any place where official signs or where appropriate devices, marks,
or painting, either upon the surface of the street or the curb immediately
adjacent thereto, prohibit these acts.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 71.02 LIMITED PARKING.
No person shall stop, stand or park a vehicle upon the public streets of the
city where official signs are erected limiting the parking time thereon, for
a period of time in excess of the time as designated by the official signs.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 71.03 OTHER PARKING
RESTRICTIONS.
The City Council may by resolution order the placing of signs, devices or
marks, or the painting of streets or curbs prohibiting or restricting the
stopping, standing or parking of vehicles on any street where, in its
opinion, as evidenced by a finding in its official minutes, the stopping,
standing or parking is dangerous to those using the highway, or where the
stopping, standing or parking of vehicles would unduly interfere with the
free movement of traffic. The
signs, devices, marks or painting shall be official signs, devices, marks or
painting, and no person shall stop, stand or park any vehicle in violation
of the restrictions thereon or as indicated thereby.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 71.04 DECLARATION OF SNOW
EMERGENCY; PARKING PROHIBITED.
(A)
The Mayor, Police Chief or other designated official may declare a snow
emergency in the city. The
emergency shall continue in effect for a period of 24 hours or until the
snow has been removed from the city’s streets or until the snow emergency
has been rescinded by action of the Mayor, Police Chief or other designated
officer.
(B)
Notice of the declaration of a snow emergency shall be given by notifying
the local news media; however, the notification shall be a service aid only
and not a duty on the part of the officials.
(C)
During a declared snow emergency, no motor vehicle shall be left parked on
any street or public way in the city.
(D)
During a declared snow emergency, any police officer who finds a motor
vehicle in violation of this section shall attempt to contact the owner of
the motor vehicle and require the owner to immediately move the motor
vehicle so as not to be in violation of this section.
If the owner does not immediately remove the motor vehicle or the
owner cannot be located, the police officer is authorized to have the motor
vehicle removed at the owner’s expense.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 71.05 PARKING CERTAIN
SEMI-TRAILERS OR TRACTORS ON PUBLIC STREETS PROHIBITED.
No person shall park a semi-tractor or trailer, or any truck rated with a
gross vehicle weight in excess of 10,000 pounds, in any area of the city
zoned for residential use or other area designated by City Council
resolution except when the vehicle is parked in a completely enclosed garage
or being used in conjunction with a legitimate service being rendered for
the benefit of the residential premises.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 71.06 REPAIRING OF VEHICLES.
Minor repairs and tune-ups, such as replacement of spark plugs, spark plug
wires, thermostat, radiator or heater hoses, oil changes and brake jobs
shall be permitted on city streets provided that they can be accomplished
within the same day and completed by 10:00 p.m.
All other repairs shall be considered major repairs and shall not be
permitted on any city street, unless the repairs are made within an enclosed
structure allowed within the zoning district.
Damage to city streets because of repairs or lack of repairs shall be
charged to the person responsible for the damage to the city streets.
Any fluids and all material from the repairing of vehicles shall be
removed from the street immediately.
§ 71.07 OFF STREET PARKING AND
LOADING
Off street parking and loading regulations are in Part 15, § 150.200 - 212.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 71.08 IMPOUNDMENT.
Any police officer may order the removal of a vehicle from a street to a
garage or other place of safety when the vehicle is left unattended and
constitutes an obstruction to traffic or hinders snow removal, street
improvements or maintenance operations.
The vehicle shall not be released until the fees for towing and
storage are paid in addition to any fine imposed for violation of this
chapter.
§ 71.9 PRIMA FACIE VIOLATIONS.
The presence of any motor vehicle on any street when standing or parked in
violation of this chapter is prima facie evidence that the registered owner
of the vehicle committed or authorized the commission of the violation.
Chapter 72: Snowmobiles
Section
72.01 Intent
72.02
Definitions
72.03
Application of traffic ordinances
72.04
Restrictions
72.05 Stopping
and yielding
72.06 Persons
under 18
72.07 Equipment
72.08
Unattended snowmobiles
72.09 Emergency
operation permitted
§ 72.01 INTENT.
It is the intent of this chapter to supplement M.S. §§ 84.81 through 84.91,
and M.S. Chapter 169, as these statues may be amended from time to time and
Minn. rules parts 6100.5000 through 6100.6000, as these rules may be amended
from time to time, with respect to the operation of snowmobiles.
These statues and rules are incorporated herein by reference.
This section is not intended to allow what the state statues and
rules prohibit, nor to prohibit what the state statues and rules allow.
§ 72.02 DEFINITIONS.
For the purpose of this chapter, the following definitions shall apply
unless the context clearly indicates or requires a different meaning.
DEADMAN THROTTLE
or SAFETY THROTTLE.
A device which, when pressure is removed from the engine accelerator
or throttle, causes the motor to be disengaged from the driving mechanism.
OPERATE.
To ride in or on and control the operation of a snowmobile.
OPERATOR.
Every person who operates or is in actual physical control of a
snowmobile.
OWNER.
A person, other than a lien holder having the property in or title to
a snowmobile, or entitled to the use or possession thereof.
PERSON.
Includes an individual, partnership, corporation, the state and its
agencies and subdivision, and any body of persons, whether incorporated or
not.
RIGHT-OF-WAY.
The entire strip of land traversed by a highway or street in which
the public owns the fee or an easement for roadway purposes.
ROADWAY.
That portion of a highway or street improved, designed or ordinarily
used for vehicular travel.
SNOWMOBILE.
A self-propelled vehicle designed for travel on snow or ice, steered
by skis or runners.
STREET.
A public thoroughfare, roadway, alley or trail used for motor
vehicular traffic which is not an interstate, trunk, county-state aid, or
county highway.
§ 72.03 APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC
ORDINANCES.
The provisions of Chapter 70 of this code shall apply to the operation of
snowmobiles upon streets and highways, except for those relating to required
equipment, and except those which by their nature have no application.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 72.04 RESTRICTIONS.
(A)
It is unlawful for any person to enter, operate or stop a snowmobile within
the limits of the city:
(1)
On the roadway of any street, except the most right hand lane then
available for traffic or as close as practicable to right hand curb or edge
of the roadway, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle stopped
in the lane or proceeding in the same direction, or in making a left turn.
Snowmobiles may also be operated upon the outside slope of trunk,
county-state aid and county highways where the highways are so configured
within the corporate limits.
(2)
On a public sidewalk provided for pedestrian travel.
(3)
On boulevards within any public right-of-way.
(4)
On private property of another without specific permission of the
owner or person in control of the property.
(5)
Upon any school grounds, except as permission is expressly obtained
from responsible school authorities.
(6)
On public property, playgrounds and recreation areas, except areas
previously listed or authorized for the use by resolution of the City
Council, in which case the use shall be lawful, and snowmobiles may be
driven in and out of those areas by the shortest route.
(7)
On streets as permitted by this chapter at a speed exceeding 20 miles
per hour.
(8)
During the hours of 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m., Sunday through Thursday,
and 12:01 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. on other days closer than 100 feet from any
residence. This provision is not
intended to prohibit snowmobiles from operating on city streets during the
hours specified herein.
(B)
It is unlawful for any person to operate a snowmobile within the limits of
the city:
(1)
So as to tow any person or thing in a public street or highway except
through use of a rigid tow bar attached to the rear of the snowmobile;
provided, that a disabled snowmobile may be towed to a private residence or
a place of business where snowmobiles are repaired without the use of a
rigid tow bar.
(2)
Within 100 feet of any fisherman, pedestrian, skating rink or sliding
area where the operation would conflict with use or endanger other persons
or operation.
(3)
To intentionally drive, chase, run over or kill any animal.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 72.05 STOPPING AND YIELDING.
No snowmobile shall enter any uncontrolled intersection without making a
complete stop. The operator
shall then yield the right-of-way to any vehicles or pedestrians at the
intersection, or so close to the intersection as to constitute an immediate
hazard.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 72.06 PERSONS UNDER 18.
(A)
No person under 14 years of age shall operate on streets or make a direct
crossing of a city street as the operator of a snowmobile.
A person 14 years of age or older, but less than 18 years of age, may
operate a snowmobile on streets as permitted under this chapter and make a
direct crossing of those streets only if he or she has in his or her
immediate possession a valid snowmobile safety certificate issued pursuant
to M.S. § 84.872, as it may be amended from time to time.
(B)
It is unlawful for the owner of a snowmobile to permit the snowmobile to be
operated contrary to the provision of this section.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 72.07 EQUIPMENT.
It is unlawful for any person to operate a snowmobile any place within the
limits of the city unless it is equipped with the following:
(A)
Standard mufflers which are properly attached and which reduce the noise of
operation of the motor to the minimum necessary for operation.
No person shall use a muffler cutout, by-pass straight pipe or
similar device on a snowmobile motor.
(B)
Brakes adequate to control the movement of and to stop and hold the
snowmobile under any condition of operation.
(C)
A safety or so called deadman throttle in operating condition.
(D)
When operated between the hours of one-half hour after sunset to one-half
hour before sunrise, or at times of reduced visibility, at least one clear
lamp attached to the front, with sufficient intensity to reveal persons and
vehicles at a distance of at least 100 feet ahead during the hours of
darkness under normal atmospheric conditions.
The head lamp shall be so aimed that glaring rays are not projected
into the eyes of an oncoming snowmobile operator.
It shall also be equipped with at least one red light plainly visible
from a distance of 500 feet to the rear during hours of darkness under
normal atmospheric conditions.
(E)
Snowmobiles shall fly a pennant flag or red or blaze material, of a size not
less than 12 inches by 9 inches, at a height of not less than six feet from
ground level at any time when the vehicle is operated on public streets.
(F)
Reflective material on each side, forward of the handlebars and at the
highest practical point on any towed object, so as to reflect lights at a 90
degree angle.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 72.08 UNATTENDED SNOWMOBILES.
Every person leaving a snowmobile on a public place shall lock the ignition,
remove the key and take the same with him or her.
Penalty, see § 10.99
§ 72.09 EMERGENCY OPERATION
PERMITTED.
Notwithstanding any prohibitions in this chapter, a snowmobile may be
operated on a public thoroughfare in an emergency during the period of time
and at locations where snow upon the roadway renders travel by automobile
impractical.
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